This picture shows many different types of optical elements. The aperture of a camera is parallel to the pupil of an eye. When there is light, the pupil will become smaller so that an appropriate amount of light is let in, similarly if there a very dark enviorment the pupil would enlarge to grab as much light in the surrounding area as possible. For this image in particular, the aperture would be set more narrow since it seems to be shot during midday, when light is abundant. Since this photographer was at a distance and the image is quite clear, his shutter speed was set at a high shutter release. The shutter release is a mechanism of many professional cameras that allows for the shutter to open and close (over the lens) at different speeds, producing pictures with sharper qualities. For in-motion shots such as the one above, you would use a fast shutter setting, since it would take a quick shot of the image, capturing what happen at that moment without blurriness. There are many different types of lenses that can be used to take pictures. The lens of a camera reflects the light of your subject, and transmitts it for a picture. For the clearest picture possible, cleaning the lens before taking shots can take away lots of debris that can affect the quality of the picture.
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